Robert Ian McDonald, Ph.D. @RobIMcDonald
I’m a nature-based solutions scientist. I write about new science coming out on NBS and urban sustainability, and my own projects. Tweets are my own. Basel, Switzerland Joined December 2012-
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2025 @SmithFellows Request for Proposals Announced! Deadline is September 30, 2024. View the proposal guidelines here: conbio.org/mini-sites/smi…
"Une menace pour les droits des femmes" : à Strasbourg, les organisations féministes et LGBTQIA+ manifestent contre le RN ➡️ l.francebleu.fr/A1OY
Very happy to announce that @Nature_NPJ Urban Sustainability journal first IF was released yesterday. Our ranking is 9.1, first in Urban Studies and 12th in Environmental Studies. nature.com/npjurbansustai… thanks to leader #Thomas_Elmqvist @sthlmresilience
🌱 IT'S A WIN FOR NATURE! 🌱 Following months of deliberations, the 27 countries of the EU voted today to adopt the world's first-ever Nature Restoration Law. Good news for nature and the millions of European people who depend on it. nature.org/en-us/newsroom…
Beaucoup de slogans anti RN également dans la marche des fiertés #strasbourg #manifestation #alsace
So proud to have been part of this review of how urban form (including natural components) impacts health, through multiple health pathways. doi.org/10.1016/j.envr…
The paper contrasted showing reviewers the proposal abstract, versus the full proposal. The results imply to me that reviewers are mostly influenced by the core idea of a proposal, plus the CV. Results seem to support the idea of two-step proposal processes.
The paper contrasted showing reviewers the proposal abstract, versus the full proposal. The results imply to me that reviewers are mostly influenced by the core idea of a proposal, plus the CV. Results seem to support the idea of two-step proposal processes.
I travel a lot (too much) for work. And I absolutely love that Apple Podcast updates the ads it plays to the local language. Now I am listening to Pod Save the World with Norwegian ads, like some hangover of my trip to Oslo.
On #WorldEnvironmentDay, UN chief @antonioguterres has for the first time called on governments to ban #fossilfuel companies from advertising, calling them “the Godfathers of #climate chaos” climatechangenews.com/2024/06/05/un-…
One of my greatest joys is drinking a coffee while on a train rolling through the misty Swiss mountains, while writing a scientific manuscript. I think for my next book I will just see if I can book a day ticket and ride the trains in circles...
It's #PrideMonth, and TNC is proud to support our LGBTQ+ colleagues, partners and community members. Inclusivity is vital to our conservation efforts. Let's ensure that nature is a space where everyone feels welcome and valued. Click here to learn more: nature.ly/3Kv43ko
Excellent story on the @JoeBiden administration push to cut heat-related deaths on the job and the challenges facing this effort - not the least of which are extreme heat from global warming and policy reversal if Trump wins back the White House. nytimes.com/2024/05/25/cli……
Nature-based solutions can provide 37% of required climate mitigation by 2030 to limit global warming, but this drops to 22% if action is delayed past 2050. New @wef report provides guidelines for cities to begin nature-positive transition: buff.ly/3K9AF3j #BeyondNetZero
Nothing can justify the 7 Oct terror attacks by Hamas. Nothing can justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people. It’s high time for a humanitarian ceasefire, the immediate & unconditional release of all hostages & unimpeded humanitarian access throughout Gaza.
Useful context from @Mylovanov beyond the neat “rockin in the free world” @SecBlinken photo op.
Useful context from @Mylovanov beyond the neat “rockin in the free world” @SecBlinken photo op.
A study in London of trees and avoided mortality, both past and future. "By 2061–2080, under RCP8.5, we estimate that London's current tree planting strategy can help avoid an additional 23 heat-attributable deaths a year." iopscience.iop.org/article/10.108…
With four months of data now in from ERA5, we see a roughly 66% chance that 2024 will surpass 2023 as the warmest year on record – and a >99% chance it will be one of the top-two warmest years. The current best-estimate is that 2024 will come it at just above 1.5C:
Doing final edits on a paper. I am realizing that every British author I work with dislikes the Oxford comma, whereas many of us Americans like them. Is this some sort of insecurity, where Americans want to seem sophisticated so we do this antiquated thing?

The Nature Conservanc... @nature_org
940K Followers 8K Following Our mission is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Working in 81 countries and territories, all 50 U.S. states and your backyard.
Prof. Katharine Hayho... @KHayhoe
221K Followers 5K Following Climate Scientist, Prof @TexasTech, Chief Scientist @nature_org. Join me on Bluesky @katharinehayhoe.com. Tweets 100% my own 🇨🇦🍁
TNC Policy @nature_wonks
5K Followers 710 Following The Nature Conservancy’s policy team, advocating for #nature-based #infrastructure solutions, #conservation funding, #climate action & more.
Jennifer Morris @JenMorrisNature
5K Followers 1K Following CEO at @nature_org. Impatient optimist. she/her
Erle Ellis (艾尔青... @erleellis
7K Followers 859 Following Ecology of Human Landscapes, Anthromes, Anthroecology & Anthropocene ----Mostly here 👉 https://t.co/kHx2LiboNY @GlobalLandP @IPBES
TNC Alaska @nature_AK
1K Followers 2K Following Our mission is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends, in Alaska and beyond.
The Nature Conservanc... @nature_press
6K Followers 2K Following Tweets from The Nature Conservancy's Global Media Relations team. For media inquiries, e-mail [email protected]
Tom Cook 🌎🇺🇸 @Tom4tnc
2K Followers 1K Following Michigan trustee of The Nature Conservancy, Friend of the Shiawassee River, and member of the Kirtland's Warbler Alliance. Tweets are my own.
Elizabeth Gray @DrElizabethGray
2K Followers 366 Following CEO @audubonsociety. Global conservationist, published scientist, executive coach, birder, globetrotter.
Jeff Opperman💧🐟... @jjopperman
4K Followers 1K Following Bluesky: @jjopperman.bsky.social Global Lead Freshwater Scientist @World_Wildlife. Rivers, renewable revolution, music & nature & staying connected.
Eric Wiseman @vtarborist
2K Followers 407 Following Professor of urban forestry in Dept. of Forest Resources at Virginia Tech. Also coordinator of the VA Big Tree Program. Views are my own; RT ≠ endorsement by me
Harriet Bulkeley @harrietbulkeley
8K Followers 2K Following Professor of Geography, Durham & Sustainability, Utrecht. Environmental politics, esp. all things climate change, energy and urban.
Carly Ziter (@carlyzi... @carlyziter
8K Followers 2K Following Urban & landscape ecologist thinking about ecosystem services, biodiversity, climate, sustainability. Prof @ Concordia. Potter. Knitter. Baker. 🇨🇦 (she/her)
Jad Daley @JadDaley
6K Followers 5K Following CEO @americanforests working on #Forests4Climate #TreeEquity with @1t_org_US & @ForestClimateWG. #RunningWithADHD #RunnerBliss IMPT: Opinions my own!
The Nature Conservanc... @Nature_Colorado
3K Followers 1K Following Dedicated to protecting the lands and waters on which all life depends. #ProtectYourAdventure with us and follow @co_nature on Instagram.
Darci Vetter @DarciVetter
708 Followers 392 Following Global Head of Policy at PepsiCo | Environment Ag, and Trade Policy Wonk | Mom of 2 | Nebraska native | Opinions my own
ICLEI Cities Biodiver... @ICLEICBC
3K Followers 518 Following @ICLEI's Cities Biodiversity Center is hosted by @ICLEIAfrica & works to mainstream #naturebasedsolutions across the world. Join @CitiesWNature now!
YESS @YESS_Network
3K Followers 2K Following Global network of 900+ early career #ecosystemservices specialists | in connection w/ @ESPartnership | #ECRs
Beth Tellman, Phd @pazjusticiavida
3K Followers 1K Following now https://t.co/h3MXVIkrRz co-founder @floodbase; Asst. Prof. Geography @sgde_uarizona; co-founder @umbela_org; satellites, floods, lulc, Latin America
ashwani patel @ashwanipat59866
0 Followers 4 Following
Mary loona @mary_loona11674
38 Followers 179 Following
Cali Runolfsson @CaliRunolf5379
67 Followers 4K Following
Winifred Oberbrunner @WOberbrunn96377
8 Followers 133 Following
ruby tracy @tracy23059
103 Followers 1K Following
Mavis Wanczyk Officia... @wanczyk709
123 Followers 744 Following I am Mavis wanczyk from Chicopee. Massachusetts. the winners of $758.7M jackpot 🎰 I’m giving out $100,00 to my first 50 followers
koushik ram @koushikramkha
2 Followers 104 Following
Angelina @AngelinZoi62224
38 Followers 2K Following
Catherine @AllenArike
140 Followers 2K Following facebook Abigail white (Catherine) instagram Catherinewhite Snapchat Catherine123
Tiseautoo @TiseautoofJvz2
189 Followers 4K Following
Xiaoling Wang @XiaolingWang8
118 Followers 229 Following Postdoctoral Fellow, Fuse Lab, HKU ‖ Love Urban Greening, Plant Traits, State-of-the-art Technologies, Jogging & Reading || ENFJ
かきはらなおこ @kakiharana27132
51 Followers 3K Following
Mpeasate @Mpeasate2Oi7d8
13 Followers 874 Following
Berliner @Berliner12381
109 Followers 578 Following I am looking for a partner and a lover and best friend who I can share
Sara Alibakhshi @AlibakhshiSara
357 Followers 616 Following Geoinformatics, PhD University of California, Berkeley #remote_sensing #climate_change #machine_learning #big_data_analysis
Wenrui Xu @ruaruaxu
1 Followers 42 Following Incoming 2025 Fall Ph.D. (Environmental and Urban Planning) student at UC Berkeley.
Urbanist Gardener @UrbanistGardnr
1 Followers 25 Following With a hammer every problem is a nail. My tool is gardening & I believe cities urgently need retrofitting with the plant as model to be sustained.
Joshua Loughman @josh_loughman
589 Followers 3K Following Dir of Tech @climateinteract, Future of Energy Expert @wef, PhD Student @ASU_SFIS, frequent Systems Engineer, Explorer, Designer, Futurist. Tweets my own.
Christinakd Dercum @CDercum
47 Followers 1K Following
musingstar @ipsita_sahoo19
67 Followers 836 Following @cinicell , @tatatrusts | YP-OLM, @PRDeptOdisha | TISS Alumni (2015-2020)
Shioshough @ShioshoughC8g1
0 Followers 148 Following
Oscar Sarcinelli @SarcinelliOscar
105 Followers 1K Following Economia Agrícola e do Meio Ambiente, PhD
Wilkes Center for Cli... @WilkesCenter
276 Followers 149 Following A center for transformative research in climate science and policy at the University of Utah.
Alicia Montoya @alicialamalicia
2K Followers 3K Following #Innovation #cleanenergy #sustainability #SDGs #oceans #smartcities. Working @SwissRe using tech for a better world. Personal views here
Anouk Fransen @anouk_fransen
52 Followers 75 Following PhD Researcher at Utrecht university, interested in the unfolding politics at the climate-biodiversity interface, NBS & Nature Tech
🦋🦋🦋🦋🦋 @noraAnders96216
101 Followers 2K Following
Thomas Morgenthaler @TomMorgenthaler
390 Followers 732 Following PhD student in @P4Play_EU | Interested in play value in playspaces | children's participation | inclusion | occupational science | occupational therapy
United We Eat @UnitedWeEat
614 Followers 4K Following The future of food, health, and democracy... 🥕Food is medicine. 🥑 🏋🏻♂️Health is wealth!😎 🗽Democracy is a like muscle, use it or lose it. 🇺🇸
Manjit Sandhu @manjitsandhu
34 Followers 2K Following
Krishna Koushik (he/h... @SapiensMyopia
262 Followers 3K Following PhD'ing Ecology, Advocacy_restoration/NbS, 🥇📈_AI, 🎯_satire, Spread_♥ Grow_mindset, Think_wise Mbr: @IUCN_CEM @SERestoration @IAVS5 @TheERA_India @ESA_org
José Miguel @LeonNinin
116 Followers 278 Following PhD Candidate, Environmental Geochemistry at @UniBT. Arsenic, paddy soils, and climate change. He/Him. 🏳️🌈
Harsh Parikh @parikh_harsh_
458 Followers 2K Following Causal Inference | Machine Learning (Incoming) Asst. Prof at @Yale @YaleSPH Postdoc at @JohnsHopkinsSPH @jhubiostat PhD @DukeU @dukecompsci BTech @iitdelhi
Flora Haiwei @flora_haiwei
93 Followers 182 Following PhD Candidate & Cambridge Trust Scholar|Cambridge University | ETH Zurich | Urban Climate | Urban Heat Mitigation | Nature as solution
Mario Tenorio Maldona... @Mario_illarik1
191 Followers 3K Following Iqueño (nieto de migrantes) y biólogo. Amante de las aves, hormigas y ríos. Admirador de las culturas ribereñas, de las quebradas y del desierto.
Saif Shahrukh @ssmukhor
163 Followers 977 Following Lecturer at University of Dhaka 🇧🇩 | Strongly advocating for Clean Air | Views are my own | ✉️ [email protected]
MT 😷🇨🇦🌈�... @Theresa_Lussier
532 Followers 3K Following
chobi60 @chobi60
28 Followers 4K Following
Naturescapes @naturescapes30
107 Followers 36 Following Naturescapes explores synergies & trade-offs between nature-based solutions within landscapes & their transformative potential for climate, nature and justice.
Adriana ROjas @AdrianaR47136
3 Followers 88 Following
Neville Vyas @Neville_Vyas
5K Followers 3K Following Impact investor. #SustainableEconomy #Diversity #Education #SDGs. Views are my own.
Barbara Kužnik @BarbaraKuznik
805 Followers 2K Following Europe Comms&Marketing @nature_org #nature #sustainability #WesternBalkans Previously @InclucitiesEU @ejcnet @Val202
Melissa @Melissa1864444
1 Followers 32 Following
Swathi P @Climate12982446
62 Followers 2K Following
Jessica Sanchez @Womanual
5K Followers 3K Following Communications at UN Climate Change @UNFCCC | Not an X fan, find me on LinkedIn ;)
Nola @toashyez13707
299 Followers 5K Following See the world on the road, and get to know yourself on the way!
The Nature Conservanc... @nature_org
940K Followers 8K Following Our mission is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Working in 81 countries and territories, all 50 U.S. states and your backyard.
Prof. Katharine Hayho... @KHayhoe
221K Followers 5K Following Climate Scientist, Prof @TexasTech, Chief Scientist @nature_org. Join me on Bluesky @katharinehayhoe.com. Tweets 100% my own 🇨🇦🍁
TNC Policy @nature_wonks
5K Followers 710 Following The Nature Conservancy’s policy team, advocating for #nature-based #infrastructure solutions, #conservation funding, #climate action & more.
Jennifer Morris @JenMorrisNature
5K Followers 1K Following CEO at @nature_org. Impatient optimist. she/her
The Nature Conservanc... @nature_press
6K Followers 2K Following Tweets from The Nature Conservancy's Global Media Relations team. For media inquiries, e-mail [email protected]
Jeff Opperman💧🐟... @jjopperman
4K Followers 1K Following Bluesky: @jjopperman.bsky.social Global Lead Freshwater Scientist @World_Wildlife. Rivers, renewable revolution, music & nature & staying connected.
Eric Wiseman @vtarborist
2K Followers 407 Following Professor of urban forestry in Dept. of Forest Resources at Virginia Tech. Also coordinator of the VA Big Tree Program. Views are my own; RT ≠ endorsement by me
Harriet Bulkeley @harrietbulkeley
8K Followers 2K Following Professor of Geography, Durham & Sustainability, Utrecht. Environmental politics, esp. all things climate change, energy and urban.
Carly Ziter (@carlyzi... @carlyziter
8K Followers 2K Following Urban & landscape ecologist thinking about ecosystem services, biodiversity, climate, sustainability. Prof @ Concordia. Potter. Knitter. Baker. 🇨🇦 (she/her)
Jad Daley @JadDaley
6K Followers 5K Following CEO @americanforests working on #Forests4Climate #TreeEquity with @1t_org_US & @ForestClimateWG. #RunningWithADHD #RunnerBliss IMPT: Opinions my own!
Darci Vetter @DarciVetter
708 Followers 392 Following Global Head of Policy at PepsiCo | Environment Ag, and Trade Policy Wonk | Mom of 2 | Nebraska native | Opinions my own
Henrique Pereira @hmlfpereira
4K Followers 942 Following Professor of biodiversity conservation @iDiv @UniHalle, invited researcher @CIBIO_InBIO 🇵🇹🇩🇪🇪🇺
Andy Gonzalez @bio_diverse
8K Followers 2K Following Biodiversity scientist | Liber Ero Chair @McGillU | co-Chair @GEOBON_org | co-Dir. @csbq_qcbs | cofounder @habitat_nat | Dad x2 | @[email protected]
Alicia Montoya @alicialamalicia
2K Followers 3K Following #Innovation #cleanenergy #sustainability #SDGs #oceans #smartcities. Working @SwissRe using tech for a better world. Personal views here
Anouk Fransen @anouk_fransen
52 Followers 75 Following PhD Researcher at Utrecht university, interested in the unfolding politics at the climate-biodiversity interface, NBS & Nature Tech
Préfet de région Gr... @Prefet67
37K Followers 648 Following Compte officiel des services de l'État dans la région Grand Est et dans le département du Bas-Rhin. Charte de modération 📄👉 https://t.co/viCL8bTY9i
ici Alsace @ici_alsace
90K Followers 442 Following Compte officiel de "ici Alsace" (ex-France Bleu) Le média de la vie locale
Préfet du Haut-Rhin @Prefet68
12K Followers 329 Following Compte officiel des services de l’État dans le Haut-Rhin.
Anna Bower @AnnaBower
89K Followers 5K Following Senior Editor @lawfare. Email: [email protected] Signal username: annabower.24
Tyler McBrien @TylerMcBrien
28K Followers 3K Following Managing Editor, @lawfare. Writing in @nytimes, @washingtonpost, @TheAtlantic, @Slate, @MotherJones, @newrepublic, and more. Signal - tylermcbrien.97
Naturescapes @naturescapes30
107 Followers 36 Following Naturescapes explores synergies & trade-offs between nature-based solutions within landscapes & their transformative potential for climate, nature and justice.
Steve Vladeck @steve_vladeck
197K Followers 3K Following @ksvesq’s husband; father of daughters; prof. @GeorgetownLaw; #SCOTUS nerd @CNN & https://t.co/idn6dtcBR3; NYT bestseller: https://t.co/FmqTSPSMH3; #LGM
Nature4Climate @Nature4Climate
12K Followers 3K Following N4C is an initiative that aims to increase action on natural climate solutions in support of the 2015 Paris climate agreement. #NatureNow #NaturePositive
@judgeluttig @judgeluttig
144K Followers 580 Following
David Bresch @DavidBresch
1K Followers 1K Following Professor for Weather and Climate Risks #ETH/#meteoswiss, interests: #weather #climate, #climatechange, #economics of #climateadaptation. Views my own.
Lisa Rubin @lawofruby
251K Followers 2K Following @msnbc legal correspondent & recovering litigator; former: off-air legal analyst @maddow, @wagnertonight. Don’t let the pearls fool ya.
Andrew Weissmann (wei... @AWeissmann_
338K Followers 3K Following Co-host of @MSNBC podcast "Prosecuting Donald Trump;” author of 2 NYT bestsellers "The Trump Indictments" and "Where Law Ends: Inside the Mueller Investigation”
Leah Bremer @LeahBremer
202 Followers 283 Following
manchuán 🦩 @Daniel_Morchain
651 Followers 345 Following Love animals, nature, making bread & jazz. Ideally, all combined. Global Climate Adaptation Director @nature_org Before: IISD, Oxfam, ... Always Latinx :)
Tim Lamont @TimACLamont
2K Followers 432 Following Marine biologist with @LecReefs & @Royalcom1851 🪸🐠🐟 Trustee for @ARochaUK 🌍🌳 Running in the mountains for @HelmHill & @EnglandRunning🏃♂️🏔️
Humanist Federation @EU_Humanists
5K Followers 653 Following EHF is the largest humanist NGOs network in Europe, promoting separation of religion & politics, opposing religious extremism & discriminations on all grounds
Humanists Internation... @HumanistsInt
19K Followers 1K Following We are the global representative body of the humanist movement. 🌎🌍🌏🌐 (Formerly known as: "International Humanist and Ethical Union")
Swiss National Scienc... @snsf_ch
24K Followers 978 Following News about the SNSF, SNSF-funded research and national & international research policy. Français: @fns_ch Deutsch: @snf_ch
Ryan Goodman @rgoodlaw
177K Followers 2K Following Chaired Professor NYU Law. Former Chaired Professor Harvard Law. Former Special Counsel @DeptofDefense.
The Nature Conservanc... @Nature_DCMD
4K Followers 1K Following Conserving the lands and waters on which all life depends – globally, and in Maryland and DC.
Kes McCormick @kesmccormick
2K Followers 1K Following Professor of Business Development and Sustainable Innovation | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences | Lund University
James Page @DiversityPage
646 Followers 738 Following Global Officer for TNC. Let's work together to build solutions that benefit people & nature. What's on your mind? He/him
Dr Kelly Gunnell @kelly_gunnell
587 Followers 1K Following Nature-based Solutions & Ecosystem Services scientist. Cities, natural infrastructure, climate change, biodiversity, flooding. Views my own.
Shit Nonprofits Say @nonprofitssay
78K Followers 56 Following Capturing the aesthetic beauty of nonprofit organizational expression.
Marcus Collier @marcus_collier
4K Followers 3K Following Associate Professor of Sustainability Science in @TCD_NatSci. PI of @NovelEco #ERCCoG award & @ConnectingNBS. Research: #NatureBasedSolutions & #NovelEcosystems
Rachel Neugarten @rac... @rachelneugarten
1K Followers 2K Following Executive Director of Conservation Planning @WCS. Informing conservation practice through scientific research. Tweets are my own.
Mark Mulligan @markmulligan
1K Followers 581 Following Geographer interested in #ecosystemservices #deforestation #conservation #water through the lens of fieldwork, GIS and spatial modelling
Tom Jennings @tomjennings
3K Followers 5K Following Media @nature_org. Occasionally sardonic herbivore. Dad. Born @ 328ppm. Sarries Fins Magic. Doomism is the new denial. Views mine, not TNC's.
Kyle Cheney @kyledcheney
308K Followers 2K Following Senior legal affairs reporter for @POLITICO with a focus on democracy, law and the balance of power in government. Tips: [email protected] NY ➡️ BOS ➡️ DC
Harry Litman @harrylitman
369K Followers 754 Following Host & exec prod, @talkingfedspod. FCA Lawyer. Teach con law at UCSD& UCLA. Senior Fellow USC. Former US Atty, Dep Assis AG. Former LATimes Columnist.
Basler Verkehrs-Betri... @BVB_BaselStadt
6K Followers 20 Following Hier schreiben die Leitstelle und die Unternehmenskommunikation (/bs, /ms und /pz). Wir wünschen jederzeit eine gute Fahrt! #BaselErfahren
Becky Chaplin-Kramer ... @beckyck
2K Followers 264 Following Ok I'm making the jump. Come find me on bluesky. Former science tweeter, mourner of the decline of American democracy and the corporatization of information.
Lorien Nesbitt @nesbittios
1K Followers 961 Following Tree enthusiast 🌳 & Assistant Prof @UBC researching urban forestry and environmental justice, co-leading the Urban Natures Lab @urban_natures | She/Her | EN/SP
Cool Green Science @nature_brains
12K Followers 2K Following Cool Green Science: 350 practicing scientists helping you get smart about nature. (Curated by @eatguineapigs @ccbyington & @justinehausheer).
Bonnie Keeler @BonnieKeeler
2K Followers 2K Following UMN Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Interests = water + enviro economics, food-ag policy, environmental justice. All things Mississippi River.
Dr. Tanushree Biswas @BisTanus
46 Followers 119 Following Carbon Program Director | Nature Conservancy | Interested in Climate Mitigation through Data Science, Cloud Computing, and Policy (my opinions only)
InfraJournal @InfraJournal
13K Followers 132 Following Infra Journal is the new way of reading the future of mobility and of the infrastructure sector.
Célia Belin @celiabelin
8K Followers 1K Following All things transatlantic. Head of @ECFRParis & @ecfr Senior Policy Fellow. Dirige @ECFRParis. Autrice "Des démocrates en Amérique" (Fayard 2020)
Hugh Possingham @HugePossum
19K Followers 14K Following University of Queensland (40%), Accounting for Nature (10%), Biodiversity Council (10%), loves birds, trying to be useful, RT not endorsement