Different Ways to Serialize Data 1) JSON Text-based, human-readable 👍 Universally supported, easy to debug 👎 Verbose, slow to parse at scale 2) XML Hierarchical, schema-support 👍 Good for enterprise/data contracts 👎 Heavy, noisy syntax 3) Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) Compact, binary, schema-based 👍 Fast + efficient over the wire 👎 Not human-readable, needs schema compilation 4) Avro Schema + data in one file 👍 Great for big data (e.g., Kafka) 👎 Schema evolution can be tricky 5) MessagePack Binary JSON alternative 👍 Smaller & faster than JSON 👎 Less tooling support compared to JSON 6) YAML Indented, readable config-style format 👍 Dev-friendly for config files 👎 Whitespace sensitive, slow for machines